INTRODUCTION TO FUNGI…………….................................................................................................    6

v     Study of Fungi……………………..………..................................................................................................    6

v     Ecological Distribution……………………..................................................................................................    8

v     Importance………………………………….................................................................................................    8

v    Fungi Structure……………………………...................................................................................................    9

v     Nutrition and Metabolism……………….....................................................................................................  13

v     Reproduction……………………………….................................................................................................  14

v    Characteristics of the Fungal Divisions…....................................................................................................  14
 

WHAT ARE MOULD MONSTERS?.........................................................................................................   19

v     Brief Description…………………………….............................................................................................    19

v   Common Indoor Mould Monsters…………................................................................................................    19

v     Pathways of Exposure………………………..............................................................................................   21

v     Mould Monster Health Impacts…………….............................................................................................    21
 

TYPES OF MOULD MONSTERS…………………….............................................................................   24

v     What are Allergenic Mould Monsters?......................................................................................................  24

v    What are Pathogenic Mould Monsters?.....................................................................................................   24

v     What are Toxigenic Mould Monsters?......................................................................................................   25
 

MOULD MONSTERS’ COMPLETE PROFILE ..…...............................................................................   26

• An Introduction………………………………...................................................................................   26

v     Absidia………………………………………….........................................................................................   28

v     Acremonium…………………………………….........................................................................................   32

v     Alternaria…...…………………………………..........................................................................................   37

v     Aspergillus……………………………………...........................................................................................   41

§     A. flavus……………………………….......................................................................................................   49

§     A. fumigatus…………………………........................................................................................................   51

§    A. glaucus group……………………..........................................................................................................   55

§    A. granulosus………………………...........................................................................................................   57

§    A. nidulans…………………………...........................................................................................................   59

§    A. niger……………………………….........................................................................................................   61

§    A. terreus……………………………..........................................................................................................   64

§    A. versicolor………………………….........................................................................................................   66

§    A. ustus……………………………….........................................................................................................   68

v     Aureobasidium………………………………............................................................................................   70

v     Basidiobolus………………………………….............................................................................................  74

v     Beauveria……………………………………..............................................................................................  78

v     Bipolaris……………………………………...............................................................................................   81

v     Blastomyces dermatitidis………………….................................................................................................   85

v     Chaetomium………………………….........................................................................................................   90

v     Cladosporium………………………………...............................................................................................   93

v     Cladophialophora…………………………................................................................................................   96

v     Coccidioides immitis………………………...............................................................................................  101

v     Conidiobolus………………………………...............................................................................................  106

v    Cunninghamella………...…………………...............................................................................................  110

v     Curvularia…………………………………...............................................................................................  114

v     Drechslera…………………………………................................................................................................  118

v     Emmonsia………………………………....................................................................................................  121

v     Epidermophyton…………………………..................................................................................................  124

v     Exophiala…………………………………................................................................................................  128

v     Exserohilum………………………………................................................................................................  132

v     Fonsecaea……………………………........................................................................................................  136

v     Fusarium………………………………….................................................................................................  141

v     Geotrichum………………………………..................................................................................................  146

v     Histoplasma capsulatum……………...................................................................................................  149

v     Lecythophora…………………….……................................................................................................  154

v     Madurella…………………………………...........................................................................................  157

v    Microsporum………………………………...........................................................................................  161

§   M.  audouinii……………………….......................................................................................................  165

§  M. canis…………………………….........................................................................................................  168

§  M. ferrugineum…………………….........................................................................................................  170

§ M. gallinae………………………….........................................................................................................  172

§ M. gypseum…………………………......................................................................................................... 174

§     M. nanum…………………………….........................................................................................................  176

§    M. persicolor………………………….........................................................................................................  178

v     Mucor………...………………………………............................................................................................. 180

v     Paecilomyces……………………………...….............................................................................................  184

v     Paracoccidioides brasiliensis………………..............................................................................................  188

v     Penicillium……………………………………..........................................................................................  192

v     Phialophora………………………………….............................................................................................  197

v     Phoma………………………………………........................................................................................  201

v     Rhinocladiella……………………………...........................................................................................  204

v     Rhizomucor…………………………………........................................................................................  207

v     Rhizopus……………………………………......................................................................................... 211

v     Scedosporium………………………...…….........................................................................................  216

v     Scopulariopsis……...……………………............................................................................................  221

v     Scytalidium…………………………………........................................................................................  226

v     Sporothrix schenckii……………………….........................................................................................  229

v     Sporotrichum……………………………….......................................................................................... 234

v     Stachybotrys………………………………...........................................................................................  237

v     Trichoderma………………………………........................................................................................... 241

v     Trichophyton……………………………….......................................................................................... 245

§ T. concentricum…………………...……….............................................................................................. 249

§ T. equinum……………………………………......................................................................................... 252

§ T. megninii…………………………………...…...................................................................................... 254

§ T. mentagrophytes……………..………………........................................................................................ 255

§ T. rubrum……………….………………………....................................................................................... 257

§ T. schoenleinii............................................................................................................................................ 259

§ T. soudanense…………………….……………........................................................................................ 262

§ T. tonsurans……………………….…………........................................................................................... 264

§ T. verrucosum…………………………………......................................................................................... 266

§ T. violaceum……………………………….….......................................................................................... 268

§ T. yaoundei……………………………………......................................................................................... 270

v     Wangiella dermatitidis…………………………................................................................................... 271
 

CONTROLLING MOULD MONSTERS……………….......................................................................... 275
 

MANAGEMENT OF MOULD MONSTER EXPOSURE….................................................................... 277
 

REFERENCES……………………………………………......................................................................... 278

v Online references…………………………………................................................................................... 278

v     Book references…………………………………................................................................................. 279